McCORMICK, P.J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which Baird, Overstreet, Keller, and Holland, JJ., joined. Price, J., filed a concurring opinion joined by Meyers, J.; Womack, J., filed a concurring opinion; and Mansfield, J., filed a concurring and dissenting opinion.

Appellant appealed his conviction for the misdemeanor offense of cruelty to animals. As one of the conditions of bail pending appellant’s appeal, the trial court prohibited appellant from engaging in the business of training and kenneling dogs. We have exercised our discretionary authority to review the Court of Appeals’ decision that the trial court lacked authority to place any conditions like this on bail in misdemeanor appeals “unless specifically provided for by statute.” Dallas v. State, 945 S.W.2d 328, 329-30 (Tex.App.--Houston [1^st Dist.] 1997).

Consistent with the implicit decision of the Court of Appeals, appellant argues trial courts are prohibited from imposing in misdemeanor appeals conditions of bail that are not specifically authorized by a legislative grant of authority. Appellant further argues that because the condition that a defendant cease his lawful employment is not a condition specifically provided for by statute, the Court of Appeals correctly held the trial court erred by attaching this condition to appellant’s bail.

However, the law is that absent legislative intent to the contrary a trial court has inherent power in misdemeanor and felony appeals to impose conditions on bail that directly or indirectly relate to the purpose of assuring the defendant’s continued appearance. See Ex parte Estrada, 594 S.W.2d 445, 446-47 (Tex.Cr.App. 1980); Easton v. Rains, 866 S.W.2d 656, 659 (Tex.App.--Houston [1^st Dist.] 1993, no pet.) (holding most conditions of appeal bond directly or indirectly related to assuring defendant’s continued appearance in court); Rodriguez v. State, 744 S.W.2d 361, 363 (Tex.App.--Corpus Christi 1988, no pet.) (condition of appeal bond that defendant have “no contact” with his ex-wife not abuse of discretion because this condition indirectly related to purpose of assuring defendant’s presence in court). This inherent power to impose these conditions of bail is not limited to felony cases and does not depend upon a legislative grant of authority. See Estrada, 594 S.W.2d at 446; see also State v. Johnson, 821 S.W.2d 609, 612 (Tex.Cr.App. 1991) (generally court’s power to act is limited to actions authorized by constitution, statute or common law unless a power to act arises from an inherent or implied power).

Therefore, the initial issue to decide in this case is not whether trial courts need a specific grant of legislative authority to impose conditions of bail in misdemeanor appeals. The issue is whether the Legislature has taken away trial courts’ inherent authority to impose conditions of bail in misdemeanor appeals or whether the Legislature has intended to prohibit trial courts from exercising their inherent authority to impose conditions of bail in misdemeanor appeals. Article 44.04(a), V.A.C.C.P., does not expressly authorize conditions of bail in misdemeanor appeals. Article 44.04(c), V.A.C.C.P., does expressly authorize conditions of bail in felony appeals.¹

Applying a rule of statutory construction which the Court of Appeals characterized as “the inclusion of one provision is the express exclusion of similar provisions,” the Court of Appeals seems to have implied or inferred a legislative intent to prohibit trial courts from exercising their inherent power to impose conditions of bail in misdemeanor appeals from Article 44.04(c)’s authorizing conditions of bail in felony appeals and Article 44.04(a)’s not expressly authorizing these conditions in misdemeanor appeals.²

The rule of statutory construction purportedly applied by the Court of Appeals is expressed in the Latin maxim: expressio unius est exclusio alterius. Black’s Law Dictionary defines this maxim as follows:

“Expression of one thing is the exclusion of another. (Citations Omitted). Mention of one thing implies exclusion of another. (Citations Omitted). When certain persons or things are specified in a law, contract, or will, an intention to exclude all others from its operation may be inferred. (Citation Omitted).

“Under this maxim, if statute specifies one exception to a general rule or assumes to specify the effects of a certain provision, other exceptions or effects are excluded. (Citation Omitted).” (Emphasis Supplied). Black’s Law Dictionary, Fourth Edition (1951), p. 692.

Texas case law defines this rule of statutory construction somewhat differently from how the Court of Appeals defined it. Texas case law defines this rule of statutory construction as a statute’s “inclusion of [a] specific limitation excludes all others” or a statute’s “inclusion of a specific limitation excludes all other limitations of that type.” See Harris County v. Crooker, 248 S.W.2d 652, 655 (Tex. 1923) (applying this rule of statutory construction to hold Harris County District Attorney could retain any fees “earned outside of the criminal district court” because the Legislature placed all limitations on subject of the district attorney’s compensation that it desired to be placed thereon by placing a limitation on the amount of compensation or excess fees which the district attorney could retain but confining that limitation to fees arising from the criminal district court); Guinn v. State, 696 S.W.2d 436, 438 (Tex.App.--Houston [14^th Dist.] 1985, pet. ref’d) (applying this rule of statutory construction to hold a special enhancement provision in the DWI law excludes all other enhancement schemes, such as the general enhancement provision);³ Brookshire v. Houston Independent School District, 508 S.W.2d 675, 679 (Tex.Civ.App.--Houston [14^th Dist.] 1974, no writ) (applying this rule of statutory construction to hold that forklift is not a “motor vehicle” as set out in Section 19A of Texas Tort Claims Act making school districts liable for “motor vehicles”).⁴

The “plain” or literal language of Article 44.04(a) contains no express legislative intent to deprive trial courts of their long-held inherent power to impose conditions of bail in misdemeanor appeals. See Estrada, 594 S.W.2d at 446-47 (courts’ inherent powers to place restrictive conditions on bail based on common law of England and development of the common law and statutory law in the United States).⁵ Therefore, we would have to infer or imply such an intent based on the language contained in Article 44.04(c) that expressly authorizes conditions of bail in felony appeals.

This we decline to do. The history of the common law on trial courts’ inherent powers to impose conditions of bail makes no distinction between felony and misdemeanor cases. See Estrada, 594 S.W.2d at 446-47. The Legislature has to have been aware that courts traditionally have imposed conditions of bail in misdemeanor appeals in the absence of express legislative grant of authority to do so.⁶ While Estrada involved a felony appeal, the principle it applied that trial courts have long had inherent power to place conditions on bail is in no way limited to felony cases. See Estrada, 594 S.W.2d at 446-47. With its presumed knowledge of the common law and trial courts’ traditional practices concerning matters of bail in misdemeanor appeals the Legislature has amended Article 44.04 several times since Estrada was decided without expressly depriving trial courts of their inherent power to impose conditions of bail in misdemeanor appeals.⁷ See Tex. Gov’t Cd., Section 311.023(2) (in construing a statute courts may consider its legislative history); Tex. Gov’t Cd., Section 311.023(3) (in construing a statute courts may consider circumstances under which it was enacted); Tex. Gov’t Cd., Section 311.023(4) (in construing a statute courts may consider the common law). Under these circumstances, if the Legislature had intended to deprive trial courts of their inherent power to impose conditions of bail in misdemeanor appeals, it would have expressly done so.

The Court of Appeals’ construction of Article 44.04(a) also would deprive trial courts of the power in misdemeanor appeals to impose extra-statutory conditions on bail that directly or indirectly relate to the purpose of assuring the defendant’s continued appearance even when the defendant is a known flight risk. We decline to infer the Legislature intended such a consequence. See Tex. Gov’t Cd., Section 311.023(5) (in construing a statute court may consider consequences of such a construction).

We also disagree with the Court of Appeals that the expressio unius est exclusio alterius rule of statutory construction or any variation thereof applies to this case. As the Court of Appeals pointed out the provisions of Article 44.04(a) and Article 44.04(c) “are unique and separate.” See Dallas, 945 S.W.2d at 329. One should not be read in conjunction with the other. Each should be read independent of the other.

Moreover, neither of these statutory provisions specify “one exception to a general rule” or assume “to specify the effects of a certain provision.” See Black’s Law Dictionary, Fourth Edition (1951), p. 692. Nor do any of these statutory provisions contain an “inclusion of a specific limitation.” See Crooker, 248 S.W.2d at 655. We hold a trial court has inherent power in misdemeanor appeals to impose conditions on bail that directly or indirectly relate to the purpose of assuring the defendant’s continued appearance.

Applying these principles to this case, we decide the trial court abused its discretion to prohibit appellant from engaging in the business of training and kenneling dogs as a condition of bail. This condition is not relevant to securing appellant’s appearance in court. Compare Speth v. State, 939 S.W.2d 769, 771 (Tex.App.--Houston [14^th Dist.] 1997, no pet.) (prohibiting defendant from working as chiropractor for duration of his appeal from conviction for aggravated assault on a police officer was invalid condition of appeal bond).

Because the imposition of this bail condition may have affected the trial court’s decision on other bail issues, we vacate the judgment of the Court of Appeals and remand the cause to the trial court for a redetermination of bail.

McCormick, Presiding Judge

(Delivered December 16, 1998)
En Banc
Publish


¹
There is no federal or state constitutional right to bail pending appeal as there is to pretrial bail. See Stack v. Boyle, 342 U.S. 1, 72 S.Ct. 1, 3-4, 96 L.Ed.2d 3 (1951); Queen v. State, 842 S.W.2d 708, 711 fn 3 (Tex.App.--Houston [1^st Dist.] 1992, no pet.). In Texas, a defendant’s right to bail and for fixing the amount of bail pending appeal is governed by the provisions of Article 44.04, V.A.C.C.P., and Article 17, V.A.C.C.P. See Ex parte Davila, 623 S.W.2d 408, 410 (Tex.Cr.App. 1981) (Chapter 17's procedures for fixing amount of bail are modified and supplemented by Article 44.04's provisions after an accused is convicted and begins postverdict proceedings).
²
The Court of Appeals decided:

“Applying these [statutory construction] principles to article 44.04, we note the statute specifically authorizes conditions of bail pending a felony appeal, but does not authorize conditions of bail pending a misdemeanor appeal. We conclude from this exclusion that the legislature intended to give more control to trial courts considering bonds in felony appeals than to trial courts in misdemeanor appeals. Accordingly, we hold the trial court is not authorized to place conditions of bail pending a misdemeanor appeal, [Footnote Omitted] unless specifically provided for by statute.” Dallas, 945 S.W.2d at 330.